The Sasanian Empire, known for its military prowess and cultural achievements, had a profound influence on the development of Dark Ages Europe. The Sasanians, ruling from 224 to 651 AD, were contemporaries of the late Roman Empire and played a significant role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of their time. Their military campaigns extended their influence into the Roman territories, and their cultural exchanges contributed to the European tapestry of the early Middle Ages. The Sasanian's sophisticated art, architecture, and learning provided a bridge between the classical world and the Islamic civilizations that followed, leaving an indelible mark on the development of European culture. The legacy of the Sasanian Empire in Europe can be seen in various aspects, including the transmission of knowledge, artistic motifs, and the preservation of classical texts which they had translated into Pahlavi, the Middle Persian language. This cultural exchange was facilitated through trade routes and the movement of scholars, which allowed for the flow of ideas and innovations across continents.
The Samnites were a confederation of tribes who lived in the mountainous region of central and southern Italy, known as Samnium. They spoke an Oscan language and were closely related to the Campanians, who had migrated from Samnium to the fertile plains of Campania. The Samnites were fierce warriors who often clashed with their neighbours, especially the Romans, who sought to expand their territory and influence in Italy. The Samnites and the Romans fought three wars between 343 and 290 BC, which are known as the Samnite Wars. The first war started when the Campanians asked Rome for protection against a Samnite attack. The Romans agreed and sent an embassy to the Samnites, demanding that they leave Campania alone. The Samnites refused and the war began. The war ended in 341 BC with a peace treaty that restored the status quo, but gave Rome control of Campania. The second war, also called the Great Samnite War, broke out in 326 BC when Rome tried to colonize Fregellae, a town on th...
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